Empowering Balochistan's skilled women: Unleashing self-employment potential

Abstract

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs are increasingly recognized as equipping women with essential skills to navigate the dynamic labor market. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of TVET on women's self-employability. This study explores the relationship between TVET participation and self-employability among women in Balochistan, addressing a critical gap in the literature. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative data from 368 current and former female TVET students in Quetta with qualitative insights from in-person interviews and focus groups involving 27 participants, including female graduates, skilled female entrepreneurs, and subject matter experts. Thematic analysis highlighted the opportunities and challenges women entrepreneurs face during and after TVET engagement. Key findings revealed that while TVET contributes positively to entrepreneurial development, many women continue to struggle with work-life balance issues. Traditional gender roles and societal expectations impose significant time and energy constraints on individuals. Moreover, limited access to credit, inadequate funding, and complex loan procedures hinder the success of female-led micro and small enterprises. Social constraints, family obligations, and interpersonal skills influence entrepreneurial outcomes. This study advocates that governments and local bodies provide family support services to help ease the burden on women who balance business and family commitments. Enhancing TVET's role in equipping women with critical skills while simultaneously addressing systemic challenges can help Balochistan foster a more inclusive and equitable economic future for female entrepreneurs. © 2025 The Authors